BOSTON — In the decade since the highest court in Massachusetts issued its landmark ruling legalizing same-sex marriage, 14 other states and the District of Columbia have legalized it, with Illinois poised to become the 16th in a few days.
Ed Balmelli and Michael Horgan of Boston, one of seven gay couples who sued the state of Massachusetts, celebrate during a rally at the Old South Meeting House in Boston on Nov. 18, 2003, after the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court’s ruling that same-sex couples are legally entitled to wed under the state constitution.
From left: Gina Smith and Heidi Norton of Northampton, and Linda Davies and Gloria Bailey of Orleans, on Nov. 18, 2003 following the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court’s ruling that same-sex couples are legally entitled to wed under the state constitution.
James Jenner, of Boston, left, and James Murphy, of Cambridge, Mass. show their support for same-sex marriage in front of the Statehouse in Boston. on March 4, 2004 as lawmakers debated a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.
Hundreds of gay couples and supporters look up while streamers fall at the conclusion of a group photo in front of the Statehouse in Boston on May 17, 2005, one year after Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to recognize same-sex marriages.
Hundreds of gay couples and supporters, including Mark Brown and his husband, Kraig Kissenger, pose for a group photo in front of the Statehouse in Boston on May 17, 2005, one year after Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to recognize same-sex marriages.
Such gains were considered almost impossible before Massachusetts opened the door on Nov. 18, 2003, with a Supreme Judicial Court ruling that declared a ban on gay marriages unconstitutional. Opponents made doomsday predictions about how gay marriage would damage traditional marriage and lead to problems with children raised in same-sex households.
But as the years have passed, public opinion has shifted. Supporters have won in the courts, in state legislatures and on state ballots amid intense lobbying, activism and advertising campaigns filled with gay couples’ personal stories.
“With more same-sex marriages, you saw more people changing their minds,” said Mary Bonauto, civil rights project director at Boston-based Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders and the lead attorney on the lawsuit that resulted in the gay marriage ruling in Massachusetts.
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“Seeing gay people with their extended families, seeing the commitment, that’s what has turned this around.”
Opponents have shifted tactics as more and more states have legalized gay marriage. Initially, opposition focused on the predicted erosion of traditional marriage, but in recent years have pushed concerns about school curriculums and religious objections.
In New Mexico, the state Supreme Court ruled in August that an Albuquerque business owned by gay marriage opponents violated a state anti-discrimination law when it refused to photograph a same-sex couple’s commitment ceremony. A law firm representing the business has asked the U.S. Supreme Court to hear its appeal.
Opponents say they plan to do a better job of telling similar stories of people who believe their religious freedoms have bee n infringed upon by the legalization of same-sex marriage.
“I think we still have to do litigation, we still have to do legislation, but we also have to do education as well,” said Mathew Staver, founder and chairman of the Christian legal group Liberty Counsel.
Since same-sex marriages began in Massachusetts in 2004, approximately 100,000 gay couples have gotten married across the U.S., said Lee Badgett, a professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. At least 16,000 of the marriages have taken place in Massachusetts.
Evan Wolfson, founder and president of Freedom to Marry, said 38 percent of Americans will live in states where same-sex marriage is legal once Illinois’s governor signs the bill on Wednesday. The group has a goal of bringing that up to more than 50 percent by the end of 2016.
“What we have to do – like other civil rights movements and social justice causes – is win a critical mass of states and a critical mass of p ublic support, which together creates the climate for the Supreme Court to bring the country to national resolution,” Wolfson said.
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But Staver said he believes the momentum of the gay marriage movement will slow.
“Same-sex marriage represents a classic conflict with religious freedom,” he said. “I think there will come a tipping point where the pendulum will swing the other way as people begin to see the impact of same-sex marriage.”
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